Energy
1) Electret Permanent Battery
Description: This is based on the work of Gabriel Kron, who made what was termed a “negative resistor” that powered a device known as a network analyzer. Kron worked for GE at the time, and had two main projects, the electret for what was known at the time as condenser microphones, and the PTC thermistor. PTC thermistors work by conductive particles in a matrix that had a positive expansion coefficient. The material would increase the spacing between the particles, and therefore the energy requirement to jump the gap between the particles would increase with temperature, and thus an increase in resistance. These components are not normally polarized. The other project, the electret, is a capacitor with a permanently polarized dielectric. Electrets have a phi dot potential due to the polarization without any current behind it, as capacitors block DC but pass AC signals. However, if the dielectric is also piezoelectric, then sound will compress the material and induce a voltage across it. A thin wafer of polarized piezoelectric material is used in this manner. Engineers typically have crossover projects, and Kron was no exception. So in this case, what if Kron had the idea to polarize the dielectric medium that the particles were embedded in for the PTC thermistor? What would happen then? Well, normally the energy the electrons expend in jumping the gap would actually be added to in a kind of solid state accelerator, and thus increasing the voltage instead of a voltage drop being produced.
In this case, the first device was constructed of nano aluminum particles embedded in a matrix of epoxy resin, in this case one that required oxygen to harden it along with barium titanate to increase the dielectric constant. A DC 20,000 volt potential was placed across the mix whilst hardening to polarize the material. The first prototype was named the “bondotron”, as it was made with bondo resin from an auto supply store.
Test Results: While charging it was observed that there was a backfed potential, and the charging circuit was disconnected. The voltage was observed to rise to 30,000 volts, and a blue fluorescence seen in the material. Shortly after hardening the polyester resin, this persisted, and 8 hours later the voltage crashed to zero. It was later found that the polyester resin reacted with the barium titanate (BaTi03) to form a compound of barium with titanium dioxide, which has a low dielectric constant and low energy level. This also caused oxidation of the aluminum, and deactivated the unit.
Development Status: Reformulation is needed, and development techniques are needed for PTC thermistors from Kron’s era. This will give us a better clue for moving forward.
Development Cost: This was the cheapest project by far, with less than $500 of materials. Unfortunately, the first prototype was a bust. Replication was tried with a 3D printer, and the feedback blew out an arduino board in the process, and that avenue was abandoned. The next step, after further research, is to purchase the right materials this time, and repolarize the matrix with a stable compound. Costs are anticipated to be a bit more than 10 years ago, but not excessive.
Comment: The calculated power density of the device is phenomenal, if true. A hockey puck sized device would deliver approximately 2000 watts, and would be self limiting, as it would shut down automatically if overheating occurs. After the first prototype failed, there was a visit from the DHS threatening the developer, and now it is seen that any further work on this avenue must be done offshore. The US is far too unstable and dangerous to do alt energy work in any longer. Many inventors have either gone underground or had mysterious “accidents,” one most recently dead immediately after the bogus “PCR test.” That inventor was working on experiments dealing with healing with phase conjugation, which is also dangerous in that country. Until the political climate changes, a real change in climate this time, it will not be possible for further development in advanced tech In the US.
2) Halbach Array Magnetic Motor
Description: A halbach array is an assembly of cubic magnets that are arranged in a particular way to concentrate the magnetic flux toward one side of the assembly, and reduce it on the opposite side. The typical halbach array demonstrator is a refrigerator magnet that will only stick on one side. The reasoning behind this is to make a “mass driver” that consists of a magnetic stator that has a 90/10 arrangement where the backward drag or attraction is substantially less than the forward acceleration. Thus the overall efficiency is 90-10, or 80%, as opposed to conventional all-magnet motors that are 50-50, or 0%. The halbach array was originally invented for particle acceleration without electrical energy input, and some experiments were done to that effect.
The first attempted test will be linear, to see if the theory is valid. It will be on a flat plate, and will consist of angled H-assemblies focused on a slider constrained in a linear track. The attractive force on the slider will be measured, and determined whether the next step is to be taken, which is the rotary version. Anticipated costs for this is less than 200 euros for magnets, steel slider, and printed materials.
The second test will be with the rotary version, and comparing the quantified results with the linear version to verify the validity of the theory, and also the general theory published on magnetics in general. A possible third test would be with a magnetic liquid to see if self-pumping is possible, to power permanent magnet hydraulic actuators and motors.
Development Status: Rotary design completed, materials to be purchased on both versions. The rotary version is anticipated to cost less than 200 euros (small unit) and output about 1/10 hp, or approximately 75 watts of mechanical energy that will be translated to 60 watts of electrical energy.
Development Cost: A maximum of 400 euros for both linear and rotary versions. Engineering grade materials will be used for the housings that will be 3D printed. A full scale prototype is anticipated to cost about 1000 euros, and will require machined housings. That will be approximately 2 Hp, or 1500 watts of electrical energy.
Comment: Proof of concept prototypes are constructed to reduce possible losses with non-viable concepts, and are a necessary step in new-concept prototype development. If proven viable, the halbach array can be a powerful contender in alternative energy,
3) William Alek Transformer (“Energy Management System”) https://patents.justia.com/patent/20150194255
Description: This device is related to the Thane Heins split flux transformer. The departure from the Heins design is in the geometry of the core, and windings. The core consists of a single primary, and two secondary windings, one of which is used for diverting the back MMF (magneto motive force) that is normally communicated back to the primary. In the Heins design, a COP of 6.0 is claimed, and in the Alek design it is claimed at 1.273, which means there is either a serious problem with the design, or he reduced it to comply with the US patent office, as non-working or low efficiency alt energy devices are more likely to be granted a patent due to internal politics. After analyzing both designs, the Alek version should either match or exceed the Heins configuration.
Test Results: Previous results of Heins indicates a COP of 6.0 or above. Prototype has yet to be built.
Development Status: Materials yet to be purchased. Preliminary core designs have been done, and suppliers contacted in 2019, prior to the global shutdown. Alternate suppliers may have to be acquired, or cores either laser/machine cut in house.
Development Cost: Reduced core size for the proof of concept will cost approximately 200 euros, with another 200 for the copper magnet wire.
Comment: This one holds great promise, as this core configuration may also be what is used in the Juan Ortigosa ortronic device, which also claims a COP of 6.0 with inductive loads. This device has a higher probability of success than a rework of the Clemente Figuera device, which attempted a similar configuration, but had switching difficulties that prevented full optimization. This rework will be mentioned below.
4) Clemente Figuera 3-Core Transformer Redesign
Description: Figuera in the early 20th century had a correspondence with Nikola Tesla which resulted in the building of a 3 core transformer, with 2 input cores on either side of a central output core. No mention of a COP is given, but is assumed to be large, as he is said to have run a 20 hp pump with the device. It is essentially an inverter transformer, converting DC in the two input cores into AC though the use of a rotating rheostat that varied the input into the two cores. In theory it should work, but in practice it has problems with the original design. It is anticipated that the patent is where Clemente started, but not an actual working design. The rework, instead of having a single coil on either input, is to have 10 discreet separate coils that are connected in sequence. As each coil is removed from a constant voltage supply, the back EMF is stored in a capacitor bank, and that is returned to the input side. This is a radical departure from the original design, but one that might be a natural progression that Clemente might have settled on.
Test Results: The original patent design was disappointing, with a COP of 0.89, and not much above that. Different things were tried, such as capacitors, but the original patent design is seriously flawed and not viable. This system is not too different from the Heins and Alek patents, but was carried forward as it was claimed that the device would have an impressive COP, or at least this was the assumption. The next step is ready for implementation. Original core will be repurposed, and new coils placed on the input side.
Development Status: Arduino sketch needs to be written, magnet wire purchased with spools 3D printed.
Development Cost: As the original core will be re-used, minimal cost, with less than 200 euros for the magnet wire.
Comment: Both the Heins and Alek patents are based on AC inputs, and this one has DC into the two primaries. Also, the 10 coil input may be a novel departure that opens up new avenues in inverter core design.
5) SolTesla
Description: SolTesla is an evacuated tube solar collector tied to a Tesla turbine. The Tesla turbine is the only turbine that can run on saturated vapor as opposed to dry steam. The working fluid will be a refrigerant, possibly non fluorocarbon. Isobutane seems to fit the curve nicely. The expansion side will be in between a hot oil circulating in the tubes and another heat exchanger that cools the vapor to liquid state for recirculation in the system. Hot water and heating is another byproduct, either for the dwelling or greenhouse use. Challenges include safety issues with the working fluids, and automating the system to keep operator interaction to a minimum. Benefits are a low cost solar system that can also be used for cooling if an air conditioning compressor is attached to the output shaft. Phase change systems have been around for years, and are nothing new. Evacuated tube tech is also known, but putting a low efficiency heat engine on a conventional collector results in the overall low efficiency of the system itself. For example, placing a 30% efficient turbine with an 80% efficiency alternator/inverter results in an overall efficiency of 24% – not much better than conventional PV. Placing a high efficiency turbine that is 80% (per Frank Germano) with the 80% alternator/inverter results in an overall efficiency of 64%, more than double conventional systems. This is what makes it competitive.
Test Results: Independent elements have been tested. A proof of concept 2 disk Tesla turbine has been tested, and the gap needs to be tightened up for the next model. An evacuated tube solar collector made by Novasol has been installed and has a high efficiency. The next step is to rebuild a 5 disk pack turbine, and combine that with a Novasol collector.
Development Status: Turbine proof of concept completed and tested, 5 disk pack needs to be done next.
Development Cost: Solar collector from Novasol was 5000 euros, and another additional 1000 to get the turbine tweaked sufficiently to work with the collector. This will include the dual heat exchanger needed to interface between the hot water tank and the collector. The unit will be a bolt-on between the two.
Comment: Thus far there has been no work interfacing the Tesla turbine with solar, and this will be novel.
6) Tesla Wind Turbine (WinTesla)
Description: This will be a vertical mount ducted wind generator using multiple disks to obtain the maximum kinetic energy from the wind. Conventional turbines have the drawback of operating in a narrow window for wind velocity, and will begin operating in a 10 mph wind, and shut down after 40-50 mph. The Tesla will begin operating in 15 mph, and will tolerate extremely high wind velocities that would destroy conventional wind generators, remaining operational in 100 mph winds and above. Direct drive generation systems can be implemented using a permanent magnet rotor ring on the bottom with field coils surrounding that, which would eliminate the need for gearboxes.
Test Results: None so far, but the Tesla turbine has been tested extensively, and Frank Germano has done some testing related to this concept.
Development Status: Conceptual at the moment, various designs being considered.
Development Cost: Maximum 2000 euros for a prototype unit, and 500 for the generator. After proof of concept, final design will be settled on.
Comment: This is a novel concept, discussed between myself and Frank Germano in 2011-2012. Frank has done extensive work with the Tesla turbine, and will probably be involved with the project if he is still interested.
7) Paul Brown Isotopic Power System
Description: This was also called the “nucell” or nuclear battery, It would consist of two embodiments: the first close to the original unit, and another using controlled transmutation comprised of carbon rods excited by x-rays into K-capture of the inner electron orbital. In the original embodiment, Paul showed that many so-called free energy systems, such as the Hubbard coil, were actually isotopically doped conductors in a coil that are in a resonant tank circuit that have negative impedance. In early systems, regulators consisted of spark gaps that would short the output if in a runaway condition. Solid state voltage regulators would be employed in the newer one. Hubbard used radium chloride to dope his coils, and that is prohibitively expensive. Paul recommended Krypton 85, but that would be in a tube version, and americium, the isotope used in smoke detectors as an ionization source, is more available.
The second embodiment would consist of a central carbon rod with an X-ray tube on the end tuned to the K-shell excitation frequency of the carbon atom. The carbon atom then transitions into Boron 12, goes into a beta decay, with a 1.58% branching percentage that is triple alpha decay. The alpha particles are the most important, as they typically have a great kinetic energy, being helium nuclei moving at 70% the speed of light. On absorption in the copper coils, they release 200,000 free electrons for every alpha particle. This is what drives the coil into a negative resistance, and in resonance if everything is balanced, impedance is equal to resistance, so therefore we have a negative impedance state.
Test Results: Paul tested several units, one of which was demonstrated at the Meetings of the Minds conference, and had impressive results with a unit the size of a 2 liter thermos delivering 800 watts. He had many setbacks, and a great deal of resistance to the development of the technology. Again, successes in alt energy and safe nuclear energy that do not result in weapons have a great deal of suppression and political interference. These factors will have to have a solution and strategy before moving forward with this technology, and a safe space for development is absolutely critical.
Development Status: No development in the lab thus far, conceptual stage is completed by Paul Brown, and needs to be carried forward.
Development Cost: $200,000-$300,000, including lab space, equipment, and personnel.
Comment: Another extremely disruptive technology. Carbon power packs have been estimated to last 500 years, notwithstanding the rest of the electronics, such as x-ray tube, etc. It’s too bad that the carbon is consumed in nanograms, or it could be considered a carbon sequestration tech. But the promise is great with both type 1 as well as type 2 systems.
